The Trump administration signed the US-Saudi Section 123 nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2026 and submitted it to Congress in late August for the required 90-day review under the Atomic Energy Act. Lawmakers face significant nonproliferation concerns, including the absence of an IAEA Additional Protocol, potential pathways for domestic uranium enrichment after a two-year study, and questions over verification measures. President Trump has publicly conditioned implementation on Saudi normalization with Israel via the Abraham Accords, a step Riyadh has not taken. Congressional Democrats have introduced disapproval resolutions, with a Senate vote anticipated before mid-December. Recesses ahead of November elections and the transition to a new Congress in January 2027 are likely to reset or extend the review timeline, preventing entry into force during 2026.